SYLLABUS

GS-2: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources. 

GS-3: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology. 

Context: Recently, the Union Health Minister launched the indigenously manufactured Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine at the Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. 

More on the News

• The launch marks a major step in strengthening India’s public health infrastructure and advancing vaccine self-reliance under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP).
• The Td vaccine has been formally integrated into the UIP, with CRI expected to supply 55 lakh doses by April 2026, followed by scaled-up production.
• It reflects India’s growing global stature as a leading vaccine manufacturer, often described as the “pharmacy of the world.”
• The development builds on India’s demonstrated vaccine capabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and aligns with broader goals of national health security and Atmanirbhar Bharat in healthcare.
• The initiative also highlights the modernization of public sector vaccine manufacturing, with CRI emerging as a key institution operating under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).
  The CRI, established in 1905 under the Directorate General of Health Services, plays a key role in producing vaccines and antisera for the UIP and other public health initiatives.

About the Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) Vaccine

• The Td vaccine (Tetanus and adult Diphtheria Vaccine – adsorbed, reduced D-antigen content) protects against both diseases.
  Tetanus is a serious disease that causes painful muscle stiffness and spasms and can lead to severe complications such as lockjaw (inability to open the mouth), difficulty in swallowing and breathing, and even death.
  Diphtheria is a potentially life-threatening infection that may result in breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, and death
• It is prepared by combining purified diphtheria toxoid and purified tetanus toxoid. 
• The antigens are adsorbed onto aluminium phosphate, which acts as an adjuvant, and thiomersal is added as a preservative.
• The introduction of the Td vaccine aims to strengthen immunity among adolescents and adults and reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these vaccine-preventable diseases.

Significance of the Vaccine

• Broader Disease Protection: Replacing the TT vaccine with Td ensures dual protection against tetanus and diphtheria, addressing waning diphtheria immunity and reducing morbidity and mortality among adolescents and adults.
• Lifecycle Immunization & Public Health Security: The Td vaccine supports a lifecycle immunization approach, ensuring protection beyond childhood, especially for adolescents, adults, and pregnant women.
  It helps sustain maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination while preventing diphtheria resurgence, strengthening India’s long-term public health security.
• Expansion of Universal Immunization Programme (UIP): Integration into the UIP will expand protection across millions of beneficiaries annually, improving population immunity and reinforcing India’s immunization architecture through lifecycle vaccination.
• Evidence-Based Policy Shift: The transition aligns with WHO recommendations (2006, reaffirmed 2017) and guidance from India’s National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI), reflecting a science-driven and globally aligned immunization strategy.
• Indigenous Vaccine Self-Reliance: Domestic manufacturing enhances health sovereignty, reduces import dependence, and advances the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat in health and pharmaceuticals.
• Strengthening Public Sector Vaccine Manufacturing: The role of CRI highlights the revival of public sector vaccine units, demonstrating India’s ability to produce quality-assured vaccines under GMP standards and ensuring long-term supply security.
• Global Health Leadership: The initiative reinforces India’s position as a leading global vaccine supplier, building on past efforts such as Vaccine Maitri and strengthening its role in global health resilience.

Sources:
PIB
The Hindu
PIB