SYLLABUS

GS-3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

Context: In a significant step toward preventing cervical cancer, the Government of India will soon launch a nationwide Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme for 14-year-old girls, ensuring voluntary and free access across all socio-economic groups.

More on the News

• The campaign will provide free and voluntary vaccination to 14-year-old girls at designated government health facilities across India.

• Each year, the programme will target girls turning 14, covering an estimated 1.2 crore adolescents annually.

• Cervical cancer remains the second most common cancer among Indian women, with nearly 80,000 new cases and over 42,000 deaths reported every year.

• Persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains, particularly types 16 and 18, causes over 80% of cervical cancer cases in India.

• The initiative follows sustained advocacy for cervical cancer prevention, including emphasis by PM Narendra Modi during the Quad Cancer Moonshot in September 2024.

• The programme aligns with global best practices and expert recommendations, including those of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation.

About the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Programme

• Vaccine to Be Used: India will use Gardasil, a quadrivalent HPV vaccine, that shows adequate protection against genital warts.

• It protects against HPV types 16 and 18 (major causes of cervical cancer) and types 6 and 11.
• India has adopted a single-dose strategy, supported by global and Indian scientific evidence showing strong and durable protection.

• Procurement and Global Support: Vaccine supplies have been secured through a transparent, globally supported mechanism.

• Under partnership with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, 2.6 crore doses have been committed, with around 1.5 crore doses already delivered.
• Approximately 1.2 crore doses will be required annually.
• Procurement follows stringent quality and cold chain standards.

• Implementation Strategy: The drive will be conducted as a special campaign, separate from the Universal Immunisation Programme.

• Vaccination will be available at government facilities such as Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (Primary Health Centres), Community Health Centres, Sub-District and District Hospitals and Government Medical Colleges.
• Beneficiaries will be tracked through the U-WIN digital platform for efficient monitoring and record-keeping.
• Sessions will be supervised by trained medical officers and linked to 24×7 government health facilities for managing rare adverse events.

Significance of the Vaccine

• Prevention of Cervical Cancer: Prevents infection from HPV types responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases and directly reduces future cancer incidence and mortality.

• High Effectiveness and Safety: Demonstrates 93–100% effectiveness against vaccine-covered HPV types, is a non-live vaccine that does not cause HPV infection, and has over 500 million doses administered globally since 2006, reinforcing safety and efficacy.

• Reducing Healthcare Burden: Lowers long-term treatment costs and pressure on oncology services while protecting lakhs of girls from a largely preventable disease.

• Equity and Accessibility: Free-of-cost vaccination ensures inclusion across socio-economic groups, and nationwide implementation ensures uniform access across States and Union Territories.

• Alignment with Global Goals: Supports global efforts to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem, and adoption of a single-dose schedule improves coverage, affordability, and scalability.

About the Cervical Cancer 

• Cancer developing in the cervix of a woman is called cervical cancer. 

• It generally develops and progresses over time, characterized by the early appearance of cancer cells in the cervical tissue, which extend widely and more deeply further into the cervix and other adjacent areas. 

• Cervical cancer is mainly caused by long-lasting infection with high-risk types of viruses. 

• The two most common high-risk types are human papillomavirus (HPV-16) and HPV-18, which cause 70% of cases worldwide.

• Risk Factors: Women living with HIV are six times more likely to develop cervical cancer, and about 5% of cases are attributable to HIV.

• Other risk factors include immune status, oncogenic HPV type, multiple births, early pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, smoking, other STIs, and broader determinants like gender inequality and poverty.

• Status: It is the fourth most common type of cancer among women globally and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.

• Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in India. 
• States such as Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, and Nagaland report a significant burden, with disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) exceeding 300 per 100,000 women. 
• By 2025, India’s overall cervical cancer burden is projected to reach approximately 1.5 million DALYs.

• Types of HPV vaccines available in India: Cervarix (bivalent), Gardasil (quadrivalent), including Gardasil 9 (nonavalent), and Cervavac are the main HPV vaccines available in India.

Sources:
The Hindu
TheIndianpractitioner
Journals