SYLLABUS

GS-3: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

Context: An Oxfam report highlights how the wealthiest contribute disproportionately to greenhouse-gas emissions, while poorer communities bear the greatest impacts of climate disasters.

About the Report

• Released by: Oxfam, an international non-profit working to tackle poverty and inequality.

• Title: Disaster Divide: How Climate Chaos Deepens Inequality and Enriches the Few.

• Published: October 2026, ahead of COP31 in Türkiye.

• Objective: To examine how extreme wealth drives emissions, deepens climate inequality and enables disaster profiteering.

Key Findings of the Report

• Disproportionate Emissions by the Super-Rich: The richest 0.1% (around 8 million people) emit more carbon pollution than the poorest 44% (around 3.5 billion people) combined, and over three times as much as sub-Saharan Africa's population (around 1.3 billion). 

• o An individual in the richest 0.1% has contributed 125 times more to extreme heat events than the average person and almost 400 times more than someone in the poorest 50%.
• o The richest 1% are responsible for around 20% of global warming since 1990.

• Climate Disasters Deepen Inequality: Annual emissions of the richest 1% are estimated to cause around 1.9 million additional heat-related deaths over time.

• o Flood deaths are seven times higher in more unequal countries. Poorer communities face greater exposure and have fewer resources to withstand disasters and recover.

• Livelihoods and Food Security at Risk: Around 1 billion people could be displaced by the climate crisis by 2050, most in the Global South.

• o Changing rainfall, rising temperatures and soil degradation threaten agricultural production and increase food prices.
• o Around 2.3 billion people faced moderate or severe food insecurity in 2024; climate shocks add pressure, particularly on poorer households spending a larger share of income on food.

• Emissions from Private Jets and Investments: Private jets, used by around 0.003% of the global population (approximately 250,000 people), emitted 16 million tonnes of CO₂ in 2025. 

• o Oxfam says they emit more CO₂ in two seconds than a person in the poorest half emits in a year.
• o Investments by 1,000 billionaires across 1,095 companies were associated with 486 million tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions in 2025; 71% were in high-climate-impact sectors such as oil, gas and chemicals.

• Profiting from Climate Disasters: Oxfam's Destroy and Rebuild Index identifies 217 corporations benefiting from polluting industries and disaster preparedness, recovery and reconstruction.

• o The global disaster-recovery market is projected to grow from US$70 billion to US$92 billion annually by 2029. 
• o In 2025, listed companies generated average revenue of US$1.8 billion each and paid shareholders over US$1 billion each on average.
• o BlackRock and Vanguard have investments in 92% of listed companies, with combined holdings exceeding US$1 trillion. 
• o Disaster recovery can also enable privatisation, land grabs, deregulation and tax concessions.

Recommendations by Oxfam

• Tax the Super-Rich: Tax wealth, high-emission luxury goods such as private jets, and investments in polluting industries.

• Increase Climate Finance: Triple adaptation finance by 2035 and provide developing countries grants rather than loans through UN climate funds.

• Reduce Inequality: Set time-bound national targets to reduce income and wealth inequality.

• Strengthen Resilience: Invest in resilient infrastructure, social protection, early-warning systems, public food distribution and support for vulnerable farmers.

• End Climate Profiteering: Curb corporate power through windfall taxes, price controls, restrictions on speculation and regulation of disaster recovery.